Sahir Kara Essays

Sahir Kara Essays Sahir Kara Essay Sahir Kara Essay To investigate how the shape and size of an organism affects the rate of temperature loss away from the organism.Background Knowledge:Most of the substances transported in the blood are carried dissolved in plasma. The main constituent of blood plasma is water (90% of blood plasma) (RESOURCE 1), from which heat can be lost by conduction, convection, radiation or evaporation.(RESOURCE 2)The limbs of a mammal or bird can easily be simulated using water-filled test tubes of differing sizes, to represent models of a real life situation. The main method of transferring heat energy in a fluid (e.g.: water) is by convection. As a generalisation, most mammals and birds live in habitats where their body temperature is above that of their surroundings. (RESOURCE 3) Therefore, heat energy is principally lost from the bodies of mammals and birds by convecting and radiating away. Any liquid that is warmer than its surroundings will expand, so its particles occupy a greater volume than before (as they vibrate with the heat energy supplied). This in turn means that there is a decrease in density of the liquid, and the warmer particles move upwards (convection) and away (radiation) from the organism, through the blood vessels and protective skin. (RESOURCE 2)Mammals and birds (which are all warm-blooded organisms) have the ability to regulate their body temperatures, keeping their bodies within a set optimum range. Therefore, any heat energy lost is replaced by expending energy from food taken in, to keep body temperatures constant (37degrees in humans). (RESOURCE 1)Prediction:I predict that the larger the surface area / volume ratio of a model, the greater the rate of heat loss away from the simulation will be. Therefore, the surface area / volume ratio of a model is directly proportional to the rate of heat loss away from the model.Prediction Reasoning:As the surface area / volume ratio of a model increases, more heat energy is, in reality, able to escape away from the test tube at one time. The surface area / volume ratio is effectively the amount of heat energy that is in contact with the external surroundings at one time (surface area) divided by the amount of heat energy that is actually inside the test tube to begin with. The greatest surface area / volume ratio can come about when the surface area is at its greatest, and the volume is at its smallest.Therefore, if a test tube with the highest surface area / volume ratio was used, it would take far less time to lose of temperature than a test tube with the smallest surface area / volume ratio. Therefore, the same amount of temperature would have been lost in a shorter space of time, and the rate of heat loss would be directly proportional to the surface area / volume ratio of model used. (RESOURCE 2)Prediction Graph:Key factors to vary: Variables:INPUTOUTCOMECONTROLLEDPossible:* Surface area / volume ratio of model used. (%)Values:To be confirmed in preliminary work.As the aim of the investigation is to find how the shape and size of an organism affects the rate of heat loss away from it, this is the only input variable that can be chosen.There are, inevitably, different experiments that could be carried out in this area of work. However, I have chosen to investigate this aim, and therefore the above reasoning for choosing this input variable is valid.Possible:* Rate of heat loss away from the model. (temp. / time)As with the input variable chosen, the outcome variable is also set. The rate of heat loss in this experiment can only be carried out by taking continuous measurements of temperature, and dividing by the time in which the change in temperature occurred.Possible:* Temperature of surroundings. (Degrees C)* Temperature of water at the beginning (Degrees C)* Movement and objects touching model.* Thermometer used.All of the above variables shall be controlled. Without these variables being controlled, the experiment would be unfair, and the results inaccurate because a certain variable that should be controlled could be varying affecting the results as they should not be.The temperature of the water at the beginning and end of the experiment must be kept controlled for all readings taken, as should the movement of the test tubes. The temperature of the surroundings must be controlled as well as possible, so that the readings of transfer of heat away from the test tube are as fair as possible.Preliminary work:Certain pieces of preliminary work have to be completed before the actual investigation can begin. This is to check that the things that I plan to do are possible, and to find out what control variables to use (values).For the preliminary work of this investigation, I need to find 6 test tubes that have surface area / volume ratios that are sufficiently well spread. I intend to find all of the different test tubes that are available, and find the surface area and volume of each. I will then work out the surface area / volume ratio of each, an d select 6 different test tubes that have sufficiently well spread surface area / volume ratios. This will help with the fairness of the investigation.To work out the surface area of a test tube, I will first find the diameter of the test tube, and halve it to find the radius. The radius will be squared, and multiplied by Pi(?). From this, I will be able to find the surface area of the top and bottom of the effective cylinder. To find the area of the remainder of the test tube, I will take the original diameter, and multiply it by Pi (?), to find the circumference. The circumference should then be multiplied by the length of the test tube (from the top of the test tube to the middle of the spherical bottom), to find the overall area of the rest of the test tube. (RESOURCE 4 PAGE 115) The actual overall surface area of a test tube is therefore =To work out the volume of a test tube, I will fill the test tube with water, and pour this water into a measuring cylinder of an appropriate capacity, as shown:The surface area / volume ratio of a test tube is therefore found by dividing the surface area by the volume.The second piece of preliminary work that I will complete will be to find an appropriate temperature from which each experiment for the actual investigation should begin. This temperature should be easy to obtain in every test tube (using a kettle or Bunsen burner), and should take an appropriate amount of time to reduce to the end temperature (i.e.: not too long), for test tubes that have even the smallest surface area / volume ratio.Also, I should find suitable intervals for taking results in the actual experiment, by finding how long it takes for the test tube with the largest surface area / volume ratio to lose heat (from 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C).Preliminary work RESULTS:Selected?Test tube #Length(cm)Diameter (cm)Volume (cm3)Surface Area (cm2)S.A / Vol. ratio114.82.355115.22.1 (1dp)21223081.72.7 (1dp)312.251.519.561.33.1 (1dp)4151.52174.23.5 (1dp)514.751.251560 .44.0 (1dp)67.2515.324.34.6 (1dp)78.751.510.644.84.2 (1dp)89.751.514.549.53.4 (1dp)9151.832.590.82.8 (1dp)I found that the controlled temperature from which every reading should begin should be 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and that each measurements of temperature should be taken every 15 seconds.Apparatus list:The following apparatus will be required, to be used in the experiment:* Supply of heated water* Six different test tubes of sufficiently varying surface area / volume ratios.* Test tube rack* Stopwatch* ThermometerPlan:Firstly, all apparatus required will be organised and arranged in the area in which the experiment will take place. The six test tubes will be taken one at a time, starting with the test tube numbered 1, and finishing with test tube 6. Test tube 1 will be taken, a thermometer placed in it, and filled with boiling water taken directly from a kettle. The test tube will be placed in a test tube rack, and the stopwatch switched on when the temperature of the water reduces to 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Continuous measurements of temperature of the water will be taken every 15 seconds, until 150 seconds (10 measurements) have been completed. The test tube will be thoroughly cleaned and dried, and the procedure repeated twice more for test tube 1. The entire experiment will be repeated for test tubes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, taking 3 results for each different test tube.Resources Used:RESOURCE 1:Text Book: Coordinated Science Biology by Jones ; JonesRESOURCE 2:Text Book: Physics Study Guide by Palfreyman ; MaunderRESOURCE 3:Information sheet: Temperature regulation in mammals and birdsRESOURCE 4:Text Book: Higher GCSE Mathematics by D.RaynerResults:Below shows the averages taken for temperature of the test tubes at the given time intervals:FOR RAW DATA TAKEN FROM THE EXPERIMENT, please see attached sheet 1.Graphical Results:Firstly, time (secs.) was plotted against temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C), in order to get a basic graphical result of the temperature of each test tube a t every time interval. Then, in order to find how the shape and size (SA / Volume ratio) of a test tube affects the rate of temperature loss away from the test tube, a second graph was plotted (showing SA / Volume ratio against rate of heat loss). The rate of heat loss away from the model was found by drawing a tangent to the midpoint (75 seconds) of each line on the first graph. Then, the rate was calculated by dividing the change in temperature by the time taken for the change.FOR BOTH OF THE GRAPHS DRAWN, please see attached sheet 2.Conclusion:From the results shown above, and the graphs, I conclude that the initial prediction, that the larger the surface area / volume ratio of a model, the greater the rate of heat loss away from the simulation will be is correct. The predicted graphs are very similar to those produced from the actual experiment, and this shows that the prediction was very precise. From the graphs, it is clear that as the surface area / volume ratio of a model in creases, so too does the average rate of heat loss away from the model (the amount of heat that can be lost every second). This is because the graph produced was linear, proving that:Surface area / volume ratio average rate of heat lossThe graph is almost certainly a straight line, because there is no indication that it may be a curve of any form. Although this may be true for the range of surface area / volume ratios used, there is no evidence to suggest that the direct proportionality between the input and output variables will continue forever. One would think logically, that there must be a limit to the amount of heat that can be lost from a model / a real mammal or bird at one given time. Therefore, the rate of heat loss away from the test tube must come to a maximum at one point. This would suggest that however large the surface area, and however small the volume of any model or organism, the amount of heat that can be lost at any given time (the rate) has a limit.Evaluation:O verall, I believe that the results obtained were fairly inaccurate in the experiment conducted. This is because the problems brought about in such an experiment that would have led to inaccuracies of results were found to be vast:* Firstly, the temperature of the water measured at each point was relatively inaccurate. This was due to the fact that the temperature recorded was limited by the accuracy of the thermometer used (accurate to 1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C on the scale), and by the accuracy of the person conducting the experiment (in this case, myself). Furthermore, the temperature of the water in each test tube was not constant throughout, and any movement of the thermometer (or the whole test tube) would have shown an inaccurate measurement on the thermometer. Also, the accuracy of the recordings obtained was hindered by the fact that the thermometers were not digital, but were analogue, and prone to inaccuracies.* Furthermore, each test tube was held upright in a test tube rack. This w as in order to measure the temperature of the water at the specified time intervals, but would have caused inaccuracies with the amount of the test tube in contact with another object (affecting the heat loss away from the test tube). This was consistent throughout the experiment, however, except when larger test tube racks were used to support the bigger test tubes that could not fit into the same rack as the other test tubes.* Also, a thermometer was submerged in each test tube, to measure the temperature of the water. This may have brought about minor inaccuracies in the results, as the presence of the thermometer displaced water that would have been in the test tube without the thermometer being present. Again, this was consistent throughout the experiment, so it would not have affected the reliability of the experiment (if it were to be repeated).Furthermore, the procedure had a few problematic areas, mainly concerning the controlled variables:* The temperature of the situation was not kept constant throughout the experiment, and could not feasibly be kept constant. The temperature of the heated laboratory is unlikely to have changed drastically enough to affect the results on ONE occasion, but the experiment took approximately 2 hours to complete over 3 different sittings. Therefore, it may be possible that the temperature of the laboratory was different on these occasions, and the results would have been affected.* The thermometer used was again, different on each of these three sittings, and this fact may have affected the results, but to what extent is difficult to define. The type of thermometer used was the same on each occasion, but the actual one was different.* The movement of the thermometer / test tube proved also to be difficult to control. With 26 other people trying to conduct their experiments at the same time, movement of the bench would have inevitably occurred. However, it is unlikely that such movement would have affected the results d rastically.The line of best fit found on the second graph produced, indicates that some results were not as expected. This can be investigated by calculating the percentage discrepancy of the points that were not on the line of best fit, as follows:% Discrepancy = [(value plotted value on line) / value on line] x 100The percentage discrepancy of each point was found, from the line of best fit:Point(SA / VOLUME ratio)% Discrepancy from line of best fit1) 2.1= [(0.063 0.061)/0.061] x 100 = 3.8%2) 2.7= [(0.084 0.077)/0.077] x 100 = 9.1%3) 3.1= [(0.079 0.088)/0.088] x 100 = 10.2%4) 3.5= [(0.093 0.098)/0.098] x 100 = 5.1%5) 4.0= [(0.1 0.111)/0.111] x 100 = 10.0%6) 4.6= [(0.14 0.137)/0.137] x 100 = 2.2%This indicates that all of the results are within 10.2% agreement with the line of best fit, suggesting that the data obtained is relatively inaccurate. The discrepancies, as stated previously, could have come from the inaccuracies of human error, the inaccuracies of the thermometer, or the inaccuracies of the controlled variables problems.Although the readings have been found to be relatively inaccurate, I believe that the evidence collected was quite reliable. Obtaining 3 results for each SA / volume ratio of test tube made it possible to identify anomalous results, of which there seem to be 4 (highlighted grey on the above table). These anomalous results can be attributed to human error, movement of the test tube, and inaccuracies of the thermometers used. These anomalous results were averages of each of the 3 readings for every test tube, and were plotted on the first graph. The fact that the rates plotted on the second graph were up to 10.2% away from the line of best fit indicates that these anomalies may have contributed to the inaccuracies.Therefore, I believe that although inaccuracies found were vast, the evidence obtained is reliable enough to support a firm conclusion. This is because even though the results were inaccurate, the inaccuracies were co nsistent throughout, meaning that the overall outcome of the experiment was correct (although the actual readings may not have been).In order to improve the accuracy of the evidence further, the following changes could be made to the overall experiment:* Electronic temperature sensors, and precise data logging could have been used to measure the exact temperature at the given time intervals.* Electronic measuring devices could also have been used to measure the exact rate of heat loss away from the model in each case. This is instead of drawing a tangent to each line on the first graph (to find the rate), which is a relatively inaccurate method.* The experiment could have been completed in an isolated area (where the movements of others would not have affected the results).To extend the experiment with new lines of enquiry, I could investigate how the volume of used water in one test tube affects the heat loss away from the model. Furthermore, I could experiment with real organisms, to investigate how heat loss away from their bodies is affected by different factors (such as external temperature etc.).

Learn More About Conjugations for the Italian Verb Sposarsi

Learn More About Conjugations for the Italian Verb Sposarsi sposarsi: to get married; go well together; match Regular  first-conjugation Italian verbReciprocal verb  (requires a  reflexive pronoun) INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO Presente io mi sposo tu ti sposi lui, lei, Lei si sposa noi ci sposiamo voi vi sposate loro, Loro si sposano Imperfetto io mi sposavo tu ti sposavi lui, lei, Lei si sposava noi ci sposavamo voi vi sposavate loro, Loro si sposavano Passato remoto io mi sposai tu ti sposasti lui, lei, Lei si spos noi ci sposammo voi vi sposaste loro, Loro si sposarono Futuro semplice io mi sposer tu ti sposerai lui, lei, Lei si sposer noi ci sposeremo voi vi sposerete loro, Loro si sposeranno Passato prossimo io mi sono sposato/a tu ti sei sposato/a lui, lei, Lei si sposato/a noi ci siamo sposati/e voi vi siete sposati/e loro, Loro si sono sposati/e Trapassato prossimo io mi ero sposato/a tu ti eri sposato/a lui, lei, Lei si era sposato/a noi ci eravamo sposati/e voi vi eravate sposati/e loro, Loro si erano sposati/e Trapassato remoto io mi fui sposato/a tu ti fosti sposato/a lui, lei, Lei si fu sposato/a noi ci fummo sposati/e voi vi foste sposati/e loro, Loro si furono sposati/e Future anteriore io mi sar sposato/a tu ti sarai sposato/a lui, lei, Lei si sar sposato/a noi ci saremo sposati/e voi vi sarete sposati/e loro, Loro si saranno sposati/e SUBJUNCTIVE/CONGIUNTIVO Presente io mi sposi tu ti sposi lui, lei, Lei si sposi noi ci sposiamo voi vi sposiate loro, Loro si sposino Imperfetto io mi sposassi tu ti sposassi lui, lei, Lei si sposasse noi ci sposassimo voi vi sposaste loro, Loro si sposassero Passato io mi sia sposato/a tu ti sia sposato/a lui, lei, Lei si sia sposato/a noi ci siamo sposati/e voi vi siate sposati/e loro, Loro si siano sposati/e Trapassato io mi fossi sposato/a tu ti fossi sposato/a lui, lei, Lei si fosse sposato/a noi ci fossimo sposati/e voi vi foste sposati/e loro, Loro si fossero sposati/e CONDITIONAL/CONDIZIONALE Presente io mi sposerei tu ti sposeresti lui, lei, Lei si sposerebbe noi ci sposeremmo voi vi sposereste loro, Loro si sposerebbero Passato io mi sarei sposato/a tu ti saresti sposato/a lui, lei, Lei si sarebbe sposato/a noi ci saremmo sposati/e voi vi sareste sposati/e loro, Loro si sarebbero sposati/e IMPERATIVE/IMPERATIVO Presente - ​ sposatisi sposisposiamocisposatevisi sposino INFINITIVE/INFINITO Presente: sposarsi Passato: essersi sposato PARTICIPLE/PARTICIPIO Presente: sposantesi Passato: sposatosi GERUND/GERUNDIO Presente: sposandosi Passato: essendosi sposato 1001 Italian Verbs:  A  |  B  |  C  |  D  |  E  |  F  |  G  | H |  I  | JK |  L  |  M  |  N  |  O  |  P  |  Q  |  R  |  S  |  T  |  U  |  V  | W | X | Y |  Z

Behavioural Finance final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Behavioural Finance final - Essay Example Different ways of reforms of financial crisis have been developed. Therefore, role of public policy will be discussed through some relevant economic theories developed by the eminent economists. These are Modern Momentary Theory, Moslers’s Law and Reverse Recardian Equivalence. These theories will be applied to identify the best possible ways in light of public sector to address financial crisis. Recommendations from these theories will be analysed in the light of endogenous money theory. Relation of economic crisis with public sector Economic crisis is worst case scenario of an economy which has subsequent effect on the world economy. Worldwide globalization has linked up the economies of all the countries with open economy. Different financial activities of people across the world have substantial or major contribution in economic crisis. Financial institutions especially banks are the major participants in economic crisis which represents financial stability of an economy t hrough the participation of public in various financial instruments. There are many different types of root causes behind the recessions or financial crisis took place mainly in the developed countries in USA and United Kingdom and spread in the world economy. ... General tendency of people is to invest their savings into some sectors that shows future potential and growth to provide more than expected return and i.e. much higher government bond return. But, future growth of a private sector in terms of growth in revenue is depends on the increase in income level as well purchasing power of public in the economy. Therefore, if both are not in a equilibrium position in future, a dramatic bubble occurs in the expected potential sectors and major decline in revenue starts which affect both the equity return as well businesses not able to pay the major creditors like banks (Callan, Nolan & Walsh, 2010, p.15). Effective theories of public policy There are numbers of economic theories developed by the eminent economists who have provided recommendation through their theories. These recommendations are highly related with the financial activities of public sector to address economic crisis. Following three economic theories are most relevant with the ways of reforming financial crisis. Modern Monetary Theory It is a descriptive economic theory that deals with consequences and procedures of using monetary tokens issued by government and it is acts as a unit of money i.e. fiat money. This theory can be applied to analyse modern economies where it acts as national currency of an economy which is issued and regulated by the government. According to this theory of economics, money enters into the market for circulation through the government spending. Taxation is employed in the economy to value the fiat money as currency. It controls the demand and supply of money in the market. Modern Monetary theory maintains a standard equilibrium level of

Information communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information communication Technology - Essay Example Precisely, flying to Barcelona is the cheapest of the four destinations. The costs of airport transfers also vary from destination to destination and are cheaper in Europe than in the US. For this case, it requires  £ 34.17 in Miami, Florida,  £ 40.30 in New York,  £ 25.13 in Barcelona and  £ 33.67 in Rome. Considering that the elder members of the family can both drive, there is a need that they hire a car upon their arrival in their destinations. For this case, it will cost the family  £ 250.17 to hire a car for the entire period of stay in Miami, about 250.24 in New York, 339.62 and 268.94. The most expensive element of the trip will be the expenditure on the hotel because of the ten-day stay will cost about  £ 2612.85 in Miami, Florida. The same services cost 2224.97 in New York City,  £ 1885.15 in Barcelona and  £ 10 193 in Rome, Italy. The cheapest rates of travel insurance for British Airline are an assumed flat rate of  £ 28.24 for a period of 31 days. The presented values represent the cheapest rates of travel for the first-class coaches and five-star hotels. However, the prices do not include entry charges for venues that the family may wish to tour. It is therefore comparatively cheaper to tour Barcelona from London the remaining places. For this case, the total for all the expenses up to the return journey are  £3786.99 for Barcelona against higher charges for the rest of the preferred destinations. The most expensive place to visit is Rome, for which case the family will pay  £11176.90. The quoted figures are all combined for the entire family based on the age category. The figures also represent the lowest in the market, for which the family has the choice of choosing otherwise. If they chose otherwise, the costs would rise depending on the airline that they will use. In the spreadsheet, the entered figures and their summation occur for each column enabling a comparative analysis of the costs of the travel. As it emerges from the

Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie :: Glass Menagerie essays

Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Glass Menagerie uses an extensive pattern of symbolism that describes the characters of Tom,Amanda,Laura and Jim. Glass,light,color and music constitute the substance of the dominant symbols and motifs,serving to reveal deeper aspects of characters and underlying themes of the play.Tennessee Williams wrote the play so that each character had a special symbol which resembled their personality.But he didn't only give the characters of the play a a resembling symbol;he also mentions the apartment blocks to be hivelike conglomerations of cellular living-units resembling a beenstock.The way he describes their location also has a lot of symbolism in its roots because he describes them to be flowering   as warty growths in overcrowded urban centers.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams used many symbolic aspects to describe Laura and the world she lives in.In the play,Laura represents the very fragile,shy and emotionally crippled girl.In her mind she lives in a world of glass animals and doesn't have a connection to the real world.The managerie of glass also represents the fragile relationships among all the characters.The glass unicorn is most obviously a symbol of Laura-- delicate,sadly different,an anomaly in the modern world.The glass motif recurs throughout the whole play in many other forms.When Laura dropped out of college she constantly visited the zoo,a glass house of tropical flowers that are as vulnerable as she is.During Laura's and Jim's brief romantic encounter,Laura is gaining more confidence about herself.It seems as if she is starting to escape her world of illusions.When they started dancing together,Jim accidently knocked the little glass horse over. Laura,who usually worships her glass collection more than anything else,replied to his excuse;"He's lost his horn.It doesn't matter.Maybe it's a blessing in disguise." and   "I'll just imagine he had an operation.The horn was removed to make him feel less--freakish!Now he will feel more at home with the other horses,the ones who don't have horns....".These two quotes give an impression that Laura is finally escaping her illusive world.She thinks that she might have a chance to survive the real world.What she doesn't know is that she is about to be wounded by the news of Jim's engagement.After Jim tells her the news,she gives him the unicorn as a souvenir and retreats into her land of the glass menagerie never to come out again.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In the play,Tom is the adventure seeking man trying to escape the prison Amanda is keeping him trapped in.To escape the real world,Tom constantly goes to the movies.The movies make him think about all the adventures he missing.It his little land of dreams.He is jealous of his father who left his family and achieved what Tom always wanted,

Organization Structure: What is functional departmentalization? Essay

Introduction What is organizing? Organizing means arranging the activities in such a way that they systematically contribute to enterprise goals. An organization consists of people whose specialized tasks are coordinated to contribute to the organization’s goals. The usual way of depicting an organization is with an organization chart. It shows the structure of the organization; specifically, the title of each manager’s position and, by means of connecting lines, who is accountable to whom and who is in charge of what area. The organization chart also shows the chain of command (sometimes called the scalar chain or the line of authority) between the top of the organization and the lowest positions in the chart. The chain of command represents the path a directive should take in traveling from the president to employees at the bottom of the organization chart or from employees at the bottom to the top of the organization chart (Dessler, p. 120). At Phoenix Logistics, our organization chart is a creation of functional departmentalization. Functional departmentalization means grouping activities around basic functions like manufacturing, sales, and finance (Dessler, p. 122). At our company, each department is organized around a different business functions: sales/marketing, product development, and technical support. In addition, we have a group of supervisors within each department. These supervisors’ functions include planning, control, and administration. At each of the Department Heads, we also have a staff that works in each department, with an Office Supervisor. The basic idea of Phoenix Logistics’ functional departmentalization is to group activities around the core functions our company must carry out. Hence, our core functions are to create, integrate and deliver business-critical transaction management systems and services that enable the energy industry to enhance reliability and profitability in the competitive market place. Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Organizing departments around functions has several advantages: 1. It is simple, straightforward, and logical; it makes sense to build departments around the basic functions in which the enterprise must engage. 2. Functional organizations usually have single departments for areas like sales, production, and finance that serve all the company’s products, rather than duplicate facilities for each product. Because the volume in these departments is relatively high, the firm typically gets increased returns to scale–in other words, employees become more proficient from doing the same job over and over again, and the company can afford larger plants and more efficient equipment. Functional organizations are therefore often associated with efficiency. 3. The managers’ duties in each of the functional departments tend to be more specialized (a manager may specialize in finance or production, for instance); the enterprise therefore needs fewer general managers–those with the breadth of experience to administer several functions at once. This can simplify both recruiting and training. 4. Functional department managers also tend to receive information on only part of the big picture of the company–on that which concerns their own specialized functions. This can make it easier for top management to exercise control over the department managers’ activities. Disadvantages Functional organizations also have disadvantages: 1. Responsibility for the enterprise’s overall performance rests on the shoulders of one person, usually the president. He or she may be the only one in a position to coordinate the work of the functional departments, each of which is only one element in producing and supplying the company’s  product or service. This may not be a serious problem when the firm is small or does not work with a lot of products. But as size and diversity of products increase, the job of coordinating, say, production, sales, and finance for many different products may prove too great for one person; the enterprise could lose its responsiveness. 2. Also, the tendency for functional departments to result in specialized managers (finance experts, production experts, and so forth) makes it more difficult to develop managers with the breadth of experience required for general management jobs like president. Implications Qualities of Leadership – Leading your company in a tough economy are a difficult, but not impossible task. Your can help your company weather changing times and come out a winner. As far as a tough economy is concerned the United States has experienced one as recently as September 11, 2001, and although conditions has improved since then, you can bet that tough times will periodically occur in the future. Yet, during all such periods of stagnant growth and lackluster corporate performances, many companies have not only survived, but also prospered. How have they  done it? Change, of course has always been present, but certain economic trends used to be predictable within reasonable limits. Employments would grow at such a pace, interest rates would do this or that, and Gross Domestic Products would reach such and such a level. But today all bets are off. We can scarcely predict with confidence what will happen next week, let alone next year. As H.G Wells said it in a different context, â€Å"the pattern pf things to come fade away.† Becoming an Optimist, optimist managers are better at problem solving during difficult times than pessimistic managers. Optimistic managers are more likely to handle reversals by drawing on past experience, finding good  things about the turn of events and fighting for what they want. Pessimists often accept their fate or bad luck or seek sympathy in understanding. Optimistic managers are therefore more that likely to overcome difficulties and turn problems into opportunities for advancement. To improve the company’s performance, employees need commitment, competence, and communications, the three C’s of success. Commitment is determined spirit of an Olympic swimmer who practices alone for hundreds of pre-dawn hours. Competence is the inner confidence of a well trained pilot who uses all his knowledge, training, equipment, and intuition to make quick decisions. Communications is the critical personal contact and consensus between the CEO and employee that make performance at work flow smoothly. Resources Allocation We generate revenue from three sources: software licenses, software maintenance and implementation revenues. The proportion of what each makes up of our total revenue varies based on the market and our customer base. When a customer decides to purchase our solution they are charged a licensing fee. This fee could vary depending on how many users they estimate using our system, if they need more users we would then charge the customer for more licenses. In order to receive upgrades and enable the customer to use our support desk when there is an issue, we charge a support fee. This fee could be a yearly, quarterly or monthly allocation depending on how the customer would like to be charged. Any software whether it is out of the box or custom produced, there is an implementation process that would need to be done in order to ensure that the software is working properly. This could consist of on-site training, training materials and the use of our support desk. The revenues for our company are generated by these services. These services need to be the best in class in order for our company to make a profit. When  we say best in class that means that they are better than any of our competitors and will give our customers a competitive advantage. Conclusion Phoenix Logistics’ has the expertise and the means for producing the best software in the energy industry. We work with our customers in order to plan, build and implement our software into their business with the least amount of interruption to their employees and their productivity. The return on their investment is in the ease of processing their transactions, turnaround time of those transactions and a time savings in the administrative processing. Our customers will be able to focus their attention on the selling, trading and the delivery of energy to their customers, this is their business and where their profits are generated. Phoenix Logistics is in the business of helping our customers make a profit and to make their customers happy. Works Cited Dessler, Gary. Management, Leading People and Organizations in the 21st Century (2nd ed.), 2001. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.

What do CE1and Collège refer to in French

From kindergarten to higher studies, the names for grades and school levels (elementary, junior high, high school) vary substantially from French to English. The words used to describe the elements of the educational experience can also vary widely for those of us who have studied in US or UK schools. For instance, the word for school in general is à ©cole, but it also means  elementary school, and the term for an elementary school pupil is à ©colier.  In later grades and college, a student is un à ©tudiant.   Here are French school names, according to level and year, with the corresponding term in the US and UK. For clarity, weve provided the age as a reference. LEcole Maternelle (Preschool/Nursery School) Age Grade Abbreviation US UK 3 - 4 Petite section PS Nursery Nursery 4 - 5 Moyenne section MS Pre-K Reception 5 - 6 Grande section GS Kindergarten Year 1 Note that in France, this part of school is not compulsory, although many schools  offer these options and most children do attend preschool, or at least part of it. These three years are government supported and, thus,  free (or very cheap). There is also before- and after-school care. LEcole Primaire (Elementary School/Primary School) Age Grade Abbreviation US UK 6 - 7 Cours prparatoire CP 11 me 1st Grade Year 2 7 - 8 Cours lmentaire premire anne CE1 / 10me 2nd Grade Year 3 8 - 9 Cours lmentaire deuxime anne CE2 / 9me 3rd Grade Year 4 9 - 10 Cours moyen premire anne CM1 / 8me 4th Grade Year 5 10 - 11 Cours moyen deuxime anne CM2 / 7me 5th Grade Year 6 In France, school is compulsory starting with the first grade of elementary school, or le cours prà ©paratoire, onzià ¨me (11th). Note that this is the first major difference between French and English-language school names: The French count school years in  descending order (11,10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and a final year called terminale). The US and UK count years in ascending order (2, 3, 4, and so on). After là ©cole primaire, French students start what are called, secondary studies, or les à ©tudes secondaires. Le Collà ¨ge (Junior High School) Age Grade Abbreviation US UK 11 - 12 Sixime 6e or 6me 6th Grade Year 7 12 - 13 Cinquime 5e or 5me 7th Grade Year 8 13 - 14 Quatrime 4e or 4me 8th Grade Year 9 14 - 15 Troisime 3e or 3me 9th Grade Year 10 Watch out for the false cognate college. In French,  le collà ¨ge is junior high school, not college. What we call college or university in English is luniversità ©Ã‚  or la facultà ©Ã‚  in French. Some formal education is compulsory until the end of junior high, although several solutions are possible if a student wants to enter an apprenticeship. The rules concerning this process change frequently, so it is best to seek out an expert at school for more information.   Le collà ¨ge  ends with an exam called le brevet des collà ¨ges (BEPC). Le Lycà ©e (High School) Age Grade Abbreviation US UK 15 - 16 Seconde 2de 10th Grade Year 11 16 - 17 Premire 1re 11th Grade Year 12 17 - 18 Terminale Term or Tle 12th Grade Year 13 At the  end of  le lycà ©e,  theres  a test called le baccalaurà ©at  (or  le bac, with the final c pronounced as a k). The three main strands of the bac are:  le bac L  (littà ©raire), le bac ES  (à ©conomique et social)  and le bac S (scientifique).  There is also  le bac professionnel,  which comprises nearly 40  specialist or vocational areas. Passing the bac allows French students to continue their education with higher studies (des à ©tudes supà ©rieures)  at a university (luniversità ©) or faculty (la facultà ©). The prestigious Grandes Ecoles are the equivalent of the Ivy League.  When you specialize, you will say you are, for example, a law student (à ©tudiant en droit)  or a student in medicine (à ©tudiant en  mà ©decine). An undergraduate student is un à ©tudiant  avant la licence.  A postgraduate student is  un  Ãƒ ©tudiant  aprà ¨s la licence.